“Changing the format will not change the situation”

How citizens participate in urban planning and environmental decisions in Azerbaijan The law requires projects to be disclosed in advance, residents to be heard and the rejection of their proposals to be explained. Yet an almost invisible gulf...

Field observation conducted on the coast near the settlement of Pirshaghi. August 2026 “It’s not as if this is your place...” This analysis begins not with figures, but with an ordinary observation. On the Caspian coast, near the settlement of...

Looking down on the northern Absheron coast, it is difficult not to notice a pattern. Azerbaijan's most restricted government compound — the presidential residence in Zagulba — is located neither in central Baku, nor amid the oilfields, nor even on...

The Road from Absolutism to Constitutional Government The Iranian Constitutional Movement (Mashruteh), which unfolded in the early twentieth century, is regarded as one of the most important turning points in the political modernization of the...