Antisemitism has been a significant part of Jewish history, leading to waves of refugees across Europe. In the Middle Ages, thousands of Jews fled persecution and massacres in France, Spain, Portugal, and other European countries, finding refuge in the Ottoman Empire. The unification of Germany in 1871 and the collapse of the multinational Ottoman Empire in 1922 led to a new manifestation of antisemitism, culminating in the horrors of Nazi ext...

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