The Caspian Is Retreating: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water-Balance Risks, Consequences and Vulnerabilities

The Caspian Sea, long regarded as an area relatively insulated from major international conflicts, is rapidly becoming a zone where military, energy and transport interests intersect. Russia retains a dominant position through the numerical strength...

At first glance, the Middle Corridor is experiencing a boom. The geopolitical transformation of recent years has turned the Middle Corridor from an alternative route into a critically important artery of Eurasia. The beginning of the war in Ukraine...

In recent years, the Caspian Sea has acquired new geoeconomic importance within Eurasia’s transport system. Its transformation into one of the principal transport areas at the intersection of East–West and North–South cargo flows has significantly...

The rapid decline in the Caspian Sea’s water level is forcing Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan and Iran to deepen port approach channels, restrict vessel loads and reconsider port development plans, turning an environmental problem into...