Baku’s Balancing Act: Navigating Urban Growth and Environmental Challenges

Nestled on the shores of the Caspian Sea, Baku is a city of contrasts. As Azerbaijan’s economic and cultural hub, its rapid urbanization and industrial growth have brought prosperity to many, but at a steep ecological cost. Residents are increasingly concerned about air pollution, the scarcity of green spaces, and waste management issues that are undermining their quality of life.

Environmental expert Rovshan Abbasov highlights air quality as one of Baku’s most pressing concerns. “The primary contributors to air pollution are vehicle emissions and industrial activities,” he explains. “The city also experiences high levels of dust, much of it transboundary in origin, carried over the Caspian Sea from Central Asia and tropical regions.”

Adding to the issue, construction projects often disregard environmental standards, leading to heightened dust levels. Yet, Baku’s trademark winds mitigate some of these pollutants, giving the city’s air quality a mixed report card. “On average, I would rate the air quality in Baku as fair,” Abbasov notes. “During extended dry spells, dust levels worsen, but the harmful pollutants from vehicles remain relatively low thanks to the winds.”

Green spaces are another area where Baku struggles. According to Abbasov, the amount of greenery in the city is low, not just due to urban planning but also the city’s semi-desert climate. “Most of the trees planted here are non-native, which makes their growth challenging,” he explains. “However, efforts to plant drought-resistant species like pine trees are making a difference, especially along major roads and in suburban areas.” Recently, olive trees, prized for their longevity and resilience, have also been introduced.

Transportation reform is another positive development. Abbasov points to initiatives like transitioning Baku’s public bus fleet to electric vehicles and exempting electric cars from import duties as steps in the right direction.

However, he stresses the importance of public education in tackling ecological issues. “A lot of environmental pollution stems from improper waste disposal by residents,” he says. “Raising awareness about these practices is critical.”

Community-led projects are also playing a role in greening the city. Salaam Cinema, a cultural and arts hub, has transformed its once barren courtyard into a vibrant green space through community gardening events. What began as a neglected lot with three trees is now a lush area filled with diverse plants adapted to Baku’s climate.

“These initiatives not only enhance the city’s greenery but also teach residents essential skills like plant care and yard maintenance,” says one participant. “They offer a rare opportunity for urban dwellers to reconnect with nature.”

As Baku continues to grow, it faces a delicate balancing act. While efforts to improve air quality, expand green spaces, and educate the public are promising, the city’s unique climate and rapid development pose significant challenges. Yet, in the courtyards and tree-lined streets, a vision of a greener, more sustainable Baku is slowly taking root.