Azerbaijan Grapples with Seasonal Illness: Is Human Metapneumovirus the Culprit?

As Azerbaijan enters the winter season, concerns are mounting about the spread of respiratory illnesses, with speculation centering on the human metapneumovirus (HMPV). Initially reported in China and subsequently detected in Kazakhstan and Russia in late 2024, HMPV is now under scrutiny in Azerbaijan. While the Ministry of Health has confirmed public awareness campaigns regarding the virus, questions remain about its prevalence and severity in the country.

Human metapneumovirus is a respiratory virus causing symptoms akin to seasonal flu. Common manifestations include nasal congestion, coughing, fever, and in severe cases, difficulty breathing. The virus is particularly hazardous for high-risk groups, including young children, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems.

According to Dr. Adil Geybulla, a prominent Azerbaijani epidemiologist, HMPV is likely present in Azerbaijan due to the country’s close connections with Central Asia, Turkey, and Russia, where the virus has been reported.

“The epidemiological landscape is highly complex,” Dr. Geybulla said during a televised interview. “Even as the COVID-19 pandemic wanes, residual outbreaks of mutated Omicron variants persist alongside flu strains, rhinoviruses, and other respiratory pathogens. Reports suggest the presence of viruses resembling HMPV, such as enteroviruses and rotaviruses, in the region.”

HMPV is primarily known for causing severe respiratory infections, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia, particularly in children under five years old and the elderly. While healthy adults generally experience mild cold-like symptoms, severe cases have been observed in immunocompromised individuals.

Dr. Geybulla stressed that the virus poses a serious threat to infants, with the first year of life being the most vulnerable period. “The virus spreads via airborne droplets, and there is no specific antiviral treatment available. Symptom management remains the cornerstone of care,” he explained.

Dr. Geybulla criticized the limited efforts in Azerbaijan to promote preventive measures against HMPV. Drawing parallels with the COVID-19 pandemic, he emphasized the effectiveness of established hygiene and distancing practices:

• Frequent handwashing with soap, especially after public outings and before meals.
• Avoiding close contact with symptomatic individuals.
• Regular cleaning and disinfection of frequently touched surfaces.
• Avoiding touching the face with unclean hands.
• Ensuring proper ventilation in indoor spaces.
• Wearing medical masks and adhering to cough etiquette when experiencing symptoms.

“These measures, familiar from the pandemic, remain highly effective against respiratory viruses like HMPV,” he added.

While official data on HMPV cases in Azerbaijan remains sparse, the Ministry of Health has advised citizens to remain vigilant and consult healthcare providers if symptoms arise. The government’s ability to mitigate the spread will hinge on its public health response, including clear communication and robust surveillance.

As respiratory viruses become more prevalent during the winter months, Azerbaijan faces a critical challenge in safeguarding public health while balancing the broader demands of its healthcare system. Whether HMPV emerges as a significant concern or remains a marginal player in the seasonal surge of illnesses will depend largely on preventive measures and public awareness.