A City on the Caspian: Baku Grapples with Environmental Challenges

Nestled on the shores of the Caspian Sea, Baku serves as both an economic and cultural hub for Azerbaijan. But rapid urbanization, a growing population, and intensified industrial activities have deepened the city’s environmental woes. Residents face an escalating struggle with air pollution, limited green spaces, and challenges in waste management — factors that are increasingly affecting quality of life.

Ecologist Rovshan Abbasov points to air quality as one of Baku’s most pressing ecological concerns. “The primary culprits are traffic congestion and industrial emissions,” he said. “Dust levels in the city are significantly high, much of it transboundary in origin, coming across the Caspian Sea from tropical latitudes and Central Asia. Local construction projects, which often disregard environmental standards, exacerbate the issue.”

While acknowledging the challenges, Abbasov offered a nuanced view. “Overall, I would rate Baku’s air quality as acceptable. On windy days, it’s particularly good due to the city’s coastal location. However, during prolonged dry spells, dust accumulation deteriorates air quality. Unlike other urban centers, we don’t see as many harmful pollutants from vehicles here.”

Compared to many other cities, Baku’s greenery is sparse, a challenge compounded by its semi-arid climate. “The majority of trees planted in Baku are cultivated species, which struggle to thrive in this environment,” Abbasov explained. “The city’s geography naturally limits vegetation.”

Efforts to combat this deficit are evident in areas like the Khodasan Lake vicinity and along highways such as the Baku-Salyan and Baku-Shamakhi roads. “We see extensive afforestation, mainly with pine trees, which require minimal water and are long-lived. More recently, olive trees, valued for their longevity and yield, are being introduced,” Abbasov noted.

Green Mobility Gains Momentum

Transport reform is also gaining traction. Electric buses are set to replace Baku’s diesel fleet, and customs exemptions for electric vehicles are encouraging greener commuting. Abbasov commended these initiatives, noting that they signal a shift toward sustainable urban mobility.

Abbasov underscored the importance of public environmental awareness. “A considerable amount of pollution stems from improper waste disposal by residents. Addressing this through education is critical,” he said.

In the heart of the city, organizations like Salaam Cinema are leading by example. Once home to a neglected courtyard with just three trees, the cultural space has transformed its grounds into a lush, community-driven garden. Through workshops and communal efforts, residents have learned to cultivate plants and care for urban green spaces. “These initiatives bring city dwellers closer to nature, creating both ecological and social benefits,” said a Salaam Cinema representative.

Toward a Greener Future

Baku’s environmental challenges remain formidable, but efforts by activists, local organizations, and the government are setting the stage for a more sustainable future. Whether through expanded greenery, cleaner transport, or community engagement, the city is slowly finding ways to balance development with ecological stewardship.

As Baku strives to maintain its role as Azerbaijan’s premier metropolis, its ability to address these pressing issues will be key to ensuring that its residents and visitors alike can enjoy a cleaner, greener city for generations to come.